When selecting the best cooling system flush kits for 2025, we look for durable, compatible tools that make cleaning and refilling easier while preventing leaks and messes. Top options include metal globe valves, spill-proof funnels, and versatile backflush guns, which target rust, debris, and blockages efficiently. These kits support safe pressure control and chemical cleaning to maintain your engine’s performance. Keep going to discover more about how these expertly designed tools can keep your engine running smoothly.
Key Takeaways
- Choose kits with durable materials, universal fittings, and adjustable pressure regulators for compatibility across vehicle models.
- Opt for features like spill-proof funnels, leak detection, and pressure regulation to ensure safe, clean, and efficient flushing.
- Prioritize kits that include chemical cleaners for rust, debris removal, and system restoration for optimal engine cooling.
- Consider user-friendly designs with clear instructions, measurement scales, and ergonomic components for easier operation.
- Review customer feedback and professional recommendations to select reliable, long-lasting kits suitable for regular maintenance in 2025.
Cooling System Flush Gun, Metal Globe Valve, Vehicle Cooling System Cleaning Tool
If you’re looking for an effective way to clean your vehicle’s cooling system, the Cooling System Flush Gun with its metal globe valve is an excellent choice. Made by PBT USA, it’s built from durable metal or high-strength plastic, measuring 12.5 by 8.25 inches and weighing just over a pound. It features two ports with quick garden hose fittings and stepped connections for hoses from 3/4 to 2 inches. The globe valve allows precise water flow control, while the air control trigger helps improve flushing efficiency. This tool connects easily to garden hoses and compressed air, making debris removal, backflushing heater cores, and restoring cooling performance straightforward and cost-effective.
Best For: vehicle owners and auto technicians seeking an efficient, cost-effective tool for cleaning and restoring cooling systems.
Pros:
- Durable construction with metal globe valve and high-strength plastic options for longevity
- Easy to connect to garden hoses and compressed air with quick fittings and adjustable flow control
- Versatile for backflushing heater cores, removing debris, and improving coolant flow
Cons:
- Requires careful regulation of air pressure to prevent damage to the cooling system
- May have a learning curve for users unfamiliar with power flushing techniques
- Limited to use with standard garden hoses and compressed air, not suitable for all vehicle types
EPAuto Spill Proof Radiator Coolant Filling Funnel Kit
The EPAuto Spill Proof Radiator Coolant Filling Funnel Kit stands out as the perfect choice for both professional mechanics and DIY enthusiasts who want a clean, safe, and efficient way to fill radiators. Its spill-proof design prevents coolant spills, keeping your workspace tidy and safe. The kit includes dedicated color-coded adapters, a 5-inch extension bar, and a 45° elbow, making it easy to access tight or angled caps. This setup helps eliminate trapped air pockets, ensuring ideal cooling system performance. Overall, it simplifies coolant filling, reduces mess, and improves maintenance, making it an essential tool for anyone serious about their vehicle’s cooling system.
Best For: DIY enthusiasts and professional mechanics seeking a clean, spill-proof, and efficient way to fill radiators and maintain cooling systems.
Pros:
- Spill-proof design minimizes mess and keeps workspace tidy
- Includes color-coded adapters and accessories for easy access and versatility
- Helps eliminate trapped air pockets for optimal cooling system performance
Cons:
- May require some practice to perfectly fit all radiator types and configurations
- The extended parts and adapters could be misplaced if not stored properly
- Not suitable for radiators with unconventional or non-standard caps
OEMTOOLS Coolant System Flush Gun
The OEMTOOLS 24719 Coolant System Flush Gun stands out as an ideal choice for DIY enthusiasts and professional mechanics seeking an efficient way to clean radiator, coolant, and heater core systems. It simplifies backflushing by combining water with compressed air, effectively removing rust, dirt, and debris. With a universal nozzle, lock-on latch, and lever-action control, it provides precise, safe operation at 20-40 PSI. Easy to connect to standard garden hoses, it makes system cleaning straightforward. Users appreciate its ability to improve heating performance, though some report leaks around hose connections. Overall, it’s a reliable tool for maintaining a healthy cooling system.
Best For: DIY enthusiasts and professional mechanics looking for an efficient, easy-to-use tool to flush radiator, coolant, and heater core systems.
Pros:
- Simplifies backflushing, effectively removing rust, dirt, and debris
- Easy connection to standard garden hoses with universal nozzle and fittings
- Provides precise control with lever-action throttle at 20-40 PSI for safe operation
Cons:
- Some users experience water leaks around hose connections during use
- Quick disconnect fittings may occasionally fail or leak, requiring additional fittings or adjustments
- No built-in shut-off valve, leading to potential water wastage if not monitored
BlueDevil Products 00203 Radiator Flush & Oil Degreaser – 1 Quart
BlueDevil Products 00203 Radiator Flush & Oil Degreaser is an excellent choice for vehicle owners seeking a thorough cleaning solution to restore cooling system performance. This high-performance cleaner removes rust, sediment, and oil buildup, helping your engine run cooler and more efficiently. Suitable for all vehicles, it’s easy to use with detailed instructions, and works as both a radiator flush and oil degreaser. Many users see improvements like lower engine temperatures and better heater operation. While effective, it’s important to follow the proper procedure and avoid misuse, especially on heavily contaminated systems. Overall, it’s a reliable product for maintaining ideal cooling system health.
Best For: vehicle owners seeking an effective solution to thoroughly clean and restore their cooling system’s performance, especially those with rust, sediment, or oil buildup.
Pros:
- Highly effective at removing rust, sediment, and oil deposits to improve cooling efficiency
- Easy to use with detailed instructions for proper application
- Suitable for all vehicles and versatile as a radiator flush and oil degreaser
Cons:
- May cause leaks or damage if used improperly or on systems with thin metal components
- Less effective on severely contaminated or heavily rusted systems without multiple flushes
- Requires careful adherence to instructions to avoid potential system issues
SMART JERRY Coolant Bleeder Kit, Universal Radiator Burping Funnel
If you’re looking for an efficient way to eliminate trapped air and guarantee a mess-free coolant refill, the SMART JERRY Coolant Bleeder Kit with its universal radiator burping funnel is an excellent choice. Its translucent design with a clear scale lets me easily monitor coolant levels, while the built-in shut-off valve provides precise control. The rubber gasket ensures no spills or leaks during filling, flushing, or hose replacement. Compatible with most vehicles, it includes adapters and extensions to access hard-to-reach areas. This versatile tool simplifies removing air pockets, improves cooling performance, and makes maintenance cleaner and quicker—perfect whether you’re a DIY enthusiast or a professional mechanic.
Best For: DIY enthusiasts and professional mechanics seeking an efficient, spill-free solution for radiator burping, coolant refilling, and system flushing.
Pros:
- Translucent body with clear scale for easy coolant monitoring
- Built-in shut-off valve for precise flow control
- Compatible with most vehicles and includes multiple adapters and extensions
Cons:
- May require compatibility checks for certain uncommon vehicle models
- Extended use or large-volume refills might need multiple fills
- The kit’s multiple parts could be challenging to store or organize for some users
Dorman 47016 Coolant Service Kit Universal Fit
Designed for DIY enthusiasts and professional mechanics alike, the Dorman 47016 Coolant Service Kit offers a universal fit that makes radiator flushing straightforward across various vehicle types. It includes essential components like clamps, tees, a garden hose adapter, elbow, and cap, making the process simple and efficient. The kit helps prevent freezing, overheating, and coolant system damage, supporting regular maintenance and avoiding leaks or gasket issues. Users appreciate its ease of use and ability to flush heater cores. While some report fitting challenges or minor leaks, overall, many find it a practical, versatile solution backed by Dorman’s reliable support and a solid reputation.
Best For: DIY enthusiasts and professional mechanics seeking an easy-to-use, universal coolant flushing kit suitable for various vehicle types.
Pros:
- Includes all necessary components for effective radiator and heater core flushing in one kit.
- Universal fit allows compatibility with a wide range of vehicles, simplifying maintenance.
- Backed by Dorman’s reliable support and positive customer reviews for ease of use and effectiveness.
Cons:
- Some users experience leaks or fitting issues with molded hoses and certain vehicle models.
- Instructions may be unclear, requiring additional modifications like hose cutting.
- Not ideal for trucks or vehicles with complex cooling systems, with some users finding it ineffective or unnecessary.
Smilyeez Cooling System Flush and Cleaner Kit for BG K5901
Looking to restore your vehicle’s cooling system to peak performance? The Smilyeez Cooling System Flush and Cleaner Kit for BG K5901 is a great choice. It includes BG Universal Cooling System Cleaner and Conditioner, designed to remove rust, scale, and sludge, helping your system run smoothly. Weighing just 1.9 pounds and compact, it’s easy to use and highly rated, with a 4.6-star average from users. Many have successfully revived older cooling systems, extending coolant life and reducing overheating risks. Follow the instructions carefully for best results. Available on Amazon, this trusted kit offers a reliable solution to keep your engine cool and efficient.
Best For: vehicle owners seeking an effective and easy-to-use solution to clean and restore their cooling systems, especially those with rust, scale, or sludge buildup.
Pros:
- Highly rated with a 4.6-star average from satisfied users.
- Compact and lightweight design for easy handling and storage.
- Trusted brand BG Products ensures quality and reliability.
Cons:
- May require careful adherence to instructions for optimal results.
- Some users reported needing to replace water pumps after use.
- Limited information on compatibility with all vehicle types.
OEMTOOLS Cooling System Refiller AirEvac Kit
The OEMTOOLS Cooling System Refiller AirEvac Kit stands out as an excellent choice for professional mechanics and serious DIYers who need a fast, reliable way to refill and service cooling systems. It uses vacuum technology to remove air pockets, draw coolant into the engine and radiator efficiently, and check for leaks—all saving time compared to manual refilling. The universal adapter with multiple bushings guarantees compatibility across various makes and models. Its durable construction, leak testing features, and included accessories make it a versatile tool for maintaining engine health. Overall, it simplifies cooling system service, preventing overheating and engine damage with ease.
Best For: professional mechanics and serious DIYers seeking a fast, reliable solution for cooling system refilling and leak detection across various vehicle makes and models.
Pros:
- Efficiently removes air pockets and speeds up coolant refilling process
- Compatible with a wide range of vehicles thanks to universal adapters and bushings
- Durable construction with leak testing capabilities enhances system reliability
Cons:
- Some users experience quality control issues with vacuum gauges and fittings
- Packaging can be loose, leading to potential parts misplacement or damage
- Hose length limitations may pose challenges on larger engines or hard-to-reach areas
Ultimate No Spill Coolant Funnel Kit (19-Piece Spill-Free Radiator Set)
If you want to refill your vehicle’s cooling system cleanly and efficiently, the Ultimate No Spill Coolant Funnel Kit is an excellent choice. Its spill-free design and fluid control prevent drips and air bubbles, making the process hassle-free. Compatible with most domestic and imported vehicles, including GM and Ford, it comes with extra funnels and adapters for versatility. The flexible extensions and elbows help reach tight spots and hard-to-access areas. Made from high-quality materials, this 19-piece set offers reliable performance and durability, ensuring a clean, efficient cooling system refill every time. It’s a must-have for any automotive maintenance toolkit.
Best For: vehicle owners and automotive technicians seeking a clean, spill-free way to refill and maintain cooling systems across various car models.
Pros:
- Spill-free design prevents messes and keeps the workspace clean
- Compatible with most domestic and imported vehicles, including GM and Ford
- Includes multiple adapters, extensions, and elbows for versatile use in hard-to-reach areas
Cons:
- May be more expensive than basic funnels due to its comprehensive 19-piece set
- Requires some familiarity to correctly assemble and use all components effectively
- Not suitable for vehicles with unique or specialized cooling system configurations
OEMTOOLS No-Spill Coolant Funnel Kit
The OEMTOOLS No-Spill Coolant Funnel Kit stands out as the ideal choice for DIY enthusiasts and professional technicians who prioritize cleanliness and efficiency during fluid refilling. This 15-piece set is compatible with most cars, trucks, radiators, and coolant systems, making it highly versatile. Its translucent design allows for easy monitoring, while the fluid stopper and vent prevent spills and trapped air. Multiple adapters and extensions help reach hard-to-access areas like surge tanks. Whether you’re topping off oil, coolant, or power steering fluids, this kit simplifies the process, reduces messes, and saves time, making vehicle maintenance safer and more precise.
Best For: DIY car owners and professional technicians seeking a clean, efficient, and versatile solution for refilling automotive fluids.
Pros:
- Prevents spills and trapped air, ensuring precise fluid filling
- Compatible with a wide range of vehicles and fluid types
- Translucent design allows easy monitoring of fluid levels
Cons:
- May require additional adapters for very specific or unique vehicle configurations
- Longer setup time compared to traditional funnels
- Not suitable for highly viscous or thick fluids without appropriate extensions
Prestone Flush N Fill Radiator Cleaner Kit, Pack of 6
Designed for automotive enthusiasts and professional mechanics alike, the Prestone Flush N Fill Radiator Cleaner Kit (Pack of 6) offers a complete solution for thoroughly cleaning cooling systems. It includes essential components like a flush & fill tee, back flow preventer, hose clamps, and splash deflector tube, fitting most cars and light trucks. The kit simplifies installation, allowing you to quickly flush and refill your cooling system in minutes. Regular use prevents rust and dirt buildup that can clog radiators, cause overheating, and damage your engine. Proper cleaning guarantees peak performance, prolongs engine life, and reduces maintenance costs. This versatile kit makes system cleaning efficient and hassle-free.
Best For: automotive enthusiasts and professional mechanics seeking an efficient, comprehensive solution for cleaning and maintaining cooling systems in cars and light trucks.
Pros:
- Includes all essential components for easy and complete system backflushing and filling
- Fits most cars and light trucks, offering versatility and convenience
- Helps prevent overheating and engine damage by thoroughly cleaning rust and dirt buildup
Cons:
- May require some familiarity with cooling system maintenance for optimal use
- The kit’s effectiveness depends on proper installation and usage procedures
- Multiple kits may be needed for extensive or repeated cooling system cleanings
Lisle 60900 Heater Core Backflush Tool
For anyone looking to effectively restore heater core performance without costly repairs, the Lisle 60900 Heater Core Backflush Tool stands out due to its adjustable pressure regulation and durable construction. Made of sturdy metal, it fits various hose sizes and attaches easily to standard garden hoses. The built-in pressure regulator helps prevent damage by controlling water pressure during flushing, while the dual ports and heavy-duty spray gun make backflushing straightforward. I’ve found it highly effective for removing sediment, blockages, and flakes, often restoring heater function without disassembly. Its versatility and reliable design make it a worthwhile investment for maintaining your vehicle’s cooling system.
Best For: vehicle owners and mechanics seeking an effective, adjustable tool to backflush heater cores and restore heating performance without costly disassembly or repairs.
Pros:
- Durable metal construction ensures longevity and reliable performance.
- Adjustable pressure regulation prevents damage to the heater core during flushing.
- Compatible with multiple hose sizes and easy to connect to standard garden hoses for versatile use.
Cons:
- Some users find the price higher compared to basic flushing tools.
- Requires careful pressure management to avoid potential damage if misused.
- May be overkill for simple, minor heater core blockages that can be cleared with basic flushing methods.
SWANLAKE No-Spill Coolant Funnel Kit
If you’re tired of spills and messes during coolant refills, the SWANLAKE No-Spill Coolant Funnel Kit is your go-to solution. Its spill-proof design features a long burp funnel that traps air and prevents overflows, making refills cleaner and easier. The kit includes adapters, filler caps, elbows, extenders, and a transparent funnel, ensuring compatibility with various vehicles and tasks like engine flushing or pressure testing. The rotary switch effectively controls overflow and bubbles, while the long extension rod allows access at any angle. Overall, it simplifies fluid transfer, reduces mess, and boosts efficiency during maintenance.
Best For: vehicle owners and mechanics seeking a clean, spill-free solution for coolant refills, engine flushing, and pressure testing.
Pros:
- Spill-proof design with a long burp funnel that traps air and prevents overflows
- Includes a versatile set of adapters, extenders, and elbows for compatibility with various vehicles
- Easy to control overflow and bubbles with the rotary switch, improving efficiency
Cons:
- The kit may be too large or complex for simple, quick refills on small vehicles
- Some users might find the multiple components challenging to store or organize
- Compatibility depends on the specific vehicle fittings; adapters may not fit all models
HORUSDY No-Spill Coolant Funnel Kit
The HORUSDY No-Spill Coolant Funnel Kit stands out for its spill-proof design, making it an excellent choice for anyone looking to avoid messes during coolant refills. Its long burp funnel traps air and prevents spills, while the rotary switch gives precise control over overflow and bubbles. The kit’s long extension rod allows me to reach hard-to-access areas easily, and the marked scales help me measure accurately. With multiple adapters, filler caps, and elbows, it’s compatible with various vehicle models. Whether I’m flushing the engine or pressure testing, this kit simplifies the process and keeps my workspace clean and safe.
Best For: DIY vehicle owners and professional mechanics seeking a spill-proof, versatile coolant refilling solution that simplifies engine flushing and pressure testing.
Pros:
- Spill-proof design with long burp funnel to prevent messes during refills
- Rotary switch allows precise control over overflow and bubbles
- Includes multiple adapters, filler caps, and extenders for compatibility with various vehicle models
Cons:
- May require some initial familiarity to properly use the multiple fittings and adapters
- The long extension rod might be cumbersome in tight engine compartments
- The kit’s size and number of components could be overwhelming for casual users
Factors to Consider When Choosing Cooling System Flush Kits
When selecting a cooling system flush kit, we need to consider several key factors to ensure the best fit for your vehicle. Things like compatibility with your car type, ease of use, and the durability of materials can make a big difference. Additionally, price and included accessories play important roles in making a smart, long-lasting choice.
Compatibility With Vehicle Types
Choosing the right cooling system flush kit requires verifying it’s compatible with your vehicle’s specific type. We recommend checking that the kit includes adapters that fit your radiator cap and coolant fittings to prevent leaks and ensure proper sealing. It’s also important to confirm that the fittings and connectors work with both domestic and imported models, including trucks and passenger cars. Make sure the size and connection ports match your vehicle’s cooling system specifications, such as hose diameters and inlet/outlet sizes. Additionally, verify whether the kit is compatible with your engine type—gasoline, diesel, or hybrid—to guarantee effective cleaning. Lastly, confirm the kit supports the pressure range and flow rates suitable for your vehicle’s cooling system to avoid damage and achieve a thorough flush.
Ease of Use Features
Ease of use is a critical factor to contemplate because a user-friendly design can make the flushing process safer and more efficient. Look for kits with clear, intuitive controls like lever-action throttles or shut-off valves that help regulate water or coolant flow precisely. Features such as quick-connect fittings, adjustable pressure regulators, and multiple adapters simplify setup and operation, saving time and reducing frustration. Visual indicators or measurement scales can make monitoring flow rates and fluid levels straightforward, ensuring proper performance. Spill-proof funnels and leak-proof connections are essential to minimize mess and cleanup, especially during maintenance. Additionally, all-encompassing instructions and ergonomic designs facilitate straightforward assembly and handling, whether you’re a DIY enthusiast or a professional. These ease of use features enhance safety, efficiency, and user confidence.
Material Durability and Quality
The durability and quality of materials used in cooling system flush kits are vital for guaranteeing reliable and long-lasting performance. High-quality materials like metal or reinforced plastic improve the kit’s longevity, preventing cracks and leaks over time. The exterior finish, such as corrosion-resistant coatings or metal, shields the kit from rust and environmental damage, even with frequent use. Material strength is essential for withstanding high-pressure water and air flow, maintaining the tool’s integrity during operation. Durable fittings, seals, and connectors ensure a secure, leak-free connection, reducing water waste and potential system damage. Opting for kits made from industrial-grade components provides a longer service life and dependable performance in demanding automotive maintenance tasks, giving you peace of mind during every flush.
Price and Budget Considerations
When selecting a cooling system flush kit, considering your budget is crucial to make sure you get the right balance between cost and features. Kits range from budget-friendly options under $20 to professional-grade tools over $200, affecting affordability and quality. Setting a realistic budget helps determine whether to focus on basic features or invest in more durable, advanced options. Cheaper kits may lack durability or extensive fittings, potentially leading to additional costs for replacements or upgrades later. Conversely, higher-priced kits often include more adapters, better materials, and extra accessories, which can be worthwhile for frequent or professional use. By balancing your budget with your needs and expected usage, you ensure you get a kit that offers good value without overspending.
Included Accessories and Fittings
Choosing the right cooling system flush kit means paying attention to the included accessories and fittings. We look for kits that offer a variety of adapters and fittings to match different vehicle models and radiator types, ensuring compatibility. Extension tubes or elbows are essential for reaching tight spots like under shrouds or deep within engine compartments. Secure fittings that connect easily to garden hoses, compressed air, and the vehicle’s cooling system help prevent leaks during use. Quick-connect fittings or couplers make setup and disassembly faster, saving time. Additionally, flow control components such as valves or triggers allow us to regulate water and air flow precisely, promoting safe and effective flushing. These accessories are crucial for a seamless, efficient maintenance process.
Cleaning and Flushing Effectiveness
How well a cooling system flush kit cleans and clears debris depends heavily on pressure and flow rate settings. Typically, maintaining 20-40 PSI ensures thorough removal of rust, sediment, and oil without damaging system components. The kit’s design also plays a vital role—features like adjustable valves and multiple ports allow better control of water and air flow, boosting cleaning efficiency. Using chemical cleaners or rust removers beforehand can improve debris dislodgement, but we must verify their compatibility with system materials to avoid damage. Sealing all connections properly during flushing prevents leaks and helps maintain consistent flow, which is essential for ideal cleaning. Repeating or performing multi-stage flushes with fresh water or cleaning agents can further enhance debris removal, resulting in a cleaner, more efficient cooling system.
Safety and Pressure Control
Ensuring proper pressure control is key to effective and safe cooling system flushing. Maintaining water pressure around 20-40 PSI prevents damage to the radiator and heater core. Look for kits with integrated pressure regulators or adjustable valves, so you can set and monitor the correct pressure during the process. Safety features like pressure relief valves or automatic shut-offs are essential—they reduce the risk of bursts or leaks that could cause injury or damage. Precise pressure control allows for thorough cleaning without risking cracks, leaks, or system failures caused by excessive force. Consistent pressure monitoring protects both the technician and vehicle components, ensuring a safe, efficient flush. Choosing a kit with these features is imperative for a safe and effective cooling system maintenance.
Frequently Asked Questions
How Often Should I Perform a Cooling System Flush in 2025?
We recommend performing a cooling system flush every 30,000 to 50,000 miles or roughly every 2 to 3 years, depending on your vehicle and driving conditions. Regular flushing helps prevent corrosion, remove debris, and make certain your engine stays cool. If you notice overheating or coolant leaks, it’s a good idea to do a flush sooner. Staying on top of this maintenance keeps your engine running smoothly and extends its lifespan.
Are There Specific Coolant Types Compatible With These Kits?
Yes, there are specific coolant types compatible with flush kits. We recommend using the coolant type specified by your vehicle’s manufacturer, typically either glycol-based or organic acid technology (OAT) coolants. Always check your owner’s manual or consult with a professional to guarantee compatibility. Using the right coolant prevents corrosion, overheating, and ensures your cooling system functions efficiently. Proper coolant selection is crucial for peak engine performance and longevity.
Can These Kits Be Used for All Vehicle Makes and Models?
Absolutely, these kits are like universal keys, fitting most makes and models. We’ve found they’re versatile tools, capable of cleaning a wide range of cooling systems. However, just like a lock needs the right key, always double-check your vehicle’s specifications. Using the correct kit guarantees your engine’s heartbeat stays steady, preventing overheating and keeping your ride smooth and reliable mile after mile.
What Safety Precautions Are Necessary During Flushing?
When flushing your cooling system, we always wear gloves and eye protection to prevent contact with hot fluids or chemicals. We guarantee the engine is cool before starting, work in a well-ventilated area, and follow the kit’s instructions carefully. We also dispose of used fluids responsibly and avoid spilling onto the ground. Taking these precautions helps keep us safe and maintains your vehicle’s health.
How Do These Kits Impact Long-Term Engine Performance?
These kits greatly boost long-term engine performance by removing rust, sludge, and debris that can clog cooling passages. By ensuring ideal coolant flow, they help regulate engine temperature and reduce wear on components. Regular use prevents overheating and extends engine life. We recommend using quality kits and following instructions carefully to maximize benefits and keep your engine running smoothly for years to come.
Conclusion
In wrapping up, we want to warmly welcome you to the world of winning, worry-free vehicle wellness. With our wide range of reliable, ready-to-use kits, you’ll confidently tackle cooling system cleanups with ease. Choosing the right kit means safer, smoother drives and superior engine health. So, seize the solution, simplify the process, and stay spirited on every journey—because a well-washed cooling system is the key to keeping your car cool, calm, and cruising in 2025 and beyond.
